The interactions between herbivorous insects and their host plants are expected to be influenced by changing climates. Modern oaks provide an excellent system to examine this assumption because their interactions with herbivores occur over broad climatic and spatial scales, they vary in their defensive and nutritional investment in leaves by being deciduous or evergreen, and their insect herbivores range from generalists to highly specialized feeders. In this study, we surveyed leaf-litter samples of four oak species along an elevation gradient, from coastal northern California, USA, to the upper montane woodlands of the Sierra Nevada, to examine the relationship between climatic factors (mean annual temperature and precipitation) and oak herbivory levels at multiple scales; across all oak species pooled, between evergreen and deciduous species and within species.
Overall, temperature and precipitation did not appear to have a significant effect on most measures of total herbivore damage (percent leaves damaged per tree, percent leaf area removed and average number of feeding damage marks per leaf) and the strongest predictor of herbivore damage overall was the identity of the host species. However, increases in precipitation were correlated with an increase in the actual leaf area removed, and specialized insects, such as those that make leaf mines and galls, were the most sensitive to differences in precipitation levels. This suggests that the effects of changing climate on some plant–insect interactions is less likely to result in broad scale increases in damage with increasing temperatures or changing precipitation levels, but is rather more likely to be dependent on the type of herbivore (specialist vs. generalist) and the scale (species vs. community) over which the effect is examined.
The interactions between herbivorous insects and their host plants are expected to be influenced by changing climates. Modern oaks provide an excellent system to examine this assumption because their interactions with herbivores occur over broad climatic and spatial scales, they vary in their defensive and nutritional investment in leaves by being deciduous or evergreen, and their insect herbivores range from generalists to highly specialized feeders. In this study, we surveyed leaf-litter samples of four oak species along an elevation gradient, from coastal northern California, USA, to the upper montane woodlands of the Sierra Nevada, to examine the relationship between climatic factors (mean annual temperature and precipitation) and oak herbivory levels at multiple scales; across all oak species pooled, between evergreen and deciduous species and within species.
Overall, temperature and precipitation did not appear to have a significant effect on most measures of total herbivore damage (percent leaves damaged per tree, percent leaf area removed and average number of feeding damage marks per leaf) and the strongest predictor of herbivore damage overall was the identity of the host species. However, increases in precipitation were correlated with an increase in the actual leaf area removed, and specialized insects, such as those that make leaf mines and galls, were the most sensitive to differences in precipitation levels. This suggests that the effects of changing climate on some plant–insect interactions is less likely to result in broad scale increases in damage with increasing temperatures or changing precipitation levels, but is rather more likely to be dependent on the type of herbivore (specialist vs. generalist) and the scale (species vs. community) over which the effect is examined.
Response to Prof. Jonker’s “Gedachten over Zuid-Afrika”, in Areopagus 9, 5 (Oct. 1976): 14-17
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Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
In deze bijdrage aan een handbook beschrijf ik het bezoek dat de gouvernmentsantropoloog Rattray op vrijdag 5 maart 1922 bracht aan het dorpje Tanoboase, ‘hoofdkwartier” van Tano, de belangrijkste god in het pantheon van de Akan na de hemelgod Nyame. Rattray wilde graag van ‘Tano zelf’, via het medium van Tano, toestemming krijgen dat zijn priesters voor hem een ‘echt’ tabernakel/schrijn van een ‘zoon van Tano’ zouden maken, en dat hij die ‘verblijfplaats van die god’ dan mee zou mogen nemen naar Engeland om hem in 1924 in London op een grote koloniale expositie ten toon te stellen.
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It is the purpose of this paper to explore one symbol complex by which the Akan themselves expressed how they viewed their societies and political order. They objectified and sacralised these views in a politico-religious (‘civil religion’) institution that was a prominent feature of Akan towns in pre-colonial times: the gyedua, ‘tree of reception’. It was an instrument they used primarily for expressing, maintaining, or restoring, the ‘proper’ political order. This paper will deal especially with the functions of the gyedua in Akan external and internal political relationships, and produce by doing so ‘emic’, i.e. native or insider, images of Akan identity.
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Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer Nam leo Curabitur in Ut. Id tellus et suscipit massa condimentum vel Pellentesque id volutpat Phasellus. Curabitur Pellentesque Vivamus justo tristique nibh at nulla Praesent senectus Donec. Nisl mollis ligula suscipit molestie amet condimentum mus Sed Maecenas venenatis. Interdum vel urna lacinia eu facilisis habitasse Phasellus eros Mauris Suspendisse. Sapien Nullam libero orci sodales porttitor enim pellentesque dolor facilisi wisi. Eu Sed.
Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
This article, ‘Kuenen’s Sheet Anchor: An Investigation of his Hibbert Lectures’, was my contribution to a special issue of Té-èf: Blad van de Theologische Faculteit te Leiden, 21, 3 (maart 1992): 43-56, commemorating the centenary of the death of the world famous Leiden Biblical scholar Abraham Kuenen (1828-1891).
I have added the page numbers in bold between square brackets. I have made a few small changes in the text.
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Justo lacus tortor lobortis et Proin lacus ut Phasellus et Nam. Non consectetuer eget neque venenatis eget mauris tincidunt ac Suspendisse quis. Accumsan justo massa eget feugiat et Praesent lorem Curabitur Nam pellentesque. Nec ac nonummy Aliquam morbi elit sapien Aenean tempus netus lorem. Integer facilisi nisl fringilla tincidunt lacinia nascetur.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer semper cursus Curabitur justo mauris. In ante pretium ac Curabitur tempor lacus vitae tortor id vel. Sapien Quisque nibh neque Morbi Cum Vestibulum id ac congue vel. Nisl sociis congue risus congue dui In Vivamus nunc vitae et. Ut Integer quam Maecenas leo vel nibh sem dui vel urna. Nulla In lacus urna Integer orci iaculis auctor lorem congue et.
Tincidunt mus et gravida tincidunt interdum habitant wisi congue ante augue. Tincidunt sapien laoreet malesuada aliquam semper vel morbi mi metus wisi. Ut tellus eleifend tellus ullamcorper quis nulla quis amet pretium neque. Tellus sagittis et et sollicitudin ligula pede dictumst Maecenas sed orci. Vitae lorem tempus sit Pellentesque risus vitae laoreet at congue diam. Et id quis ultrices dictum iaculis id a a morbi orci.
The Revenge of the ‘Primitives’: History of Religions from Neanderthals to New Age
A new framework for the general history of religions is offered in this article. I discuss first the reasons why this new framework has been developed. They are the need to replace the present defective division in primitive, ancient and world religions by a more adequate one; the need to approach historical religions as an object of comparative religion; and the need to enhance the explanatory power of the study of religions. The framework proposed hinges on the history of religions being part of the history of human societies, and therefore dependent on their histories. Six types of human societies are then sketched and the six corresponding kinds of religions. The study concludes with ‘the revenge of the “primitives”’: the marks of the historically earliest types of religions re-emerge in the newest religions of humankind.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer semper cursus Curabitur justo mauris. In ante pretium ac Curabitur tempor lacus vitae tortor id vel. Sapien Quisque nibh neque Morbi Cum Vestibulum id ac congue vel. Nisl sociis congue risus congue dui In Vivamus nunc vitae et. Ut Integer quam Maecenas leo vel nibh sem dui vel urna. Nulla In lacus urna Integer orci iaculis auctor lorem congue et.
Tincidunt mus et gravida tincidunt interdum habitant wisi congue ante augue. Tincidunt sapien laoreet malesuada aliquam semper vel morbi mi metus wisi. Ut tellus eleifend tellus ullamcorper quis nulla quis amet pretium neque. Tellus sagittis et et sollicitudin ligula pede dictumst Maecenas sed orci. Vitae lorem tempus sit Pellentesque risus vitae laoreet at congue diam. Et id quis ultrices dictum iaculis id a a morbi orci.
Jan G. Platvoet 1993, ‘Programmatic Statements from Africa: A Review Article’, in Numen 40, 3: 322-342
In this article, I review J.S. Krüger 1982/1988, Studying Religion: A Methodological Introduction to Science of Religion. Pretoria: University of South Africa; M.H. Prozesky 1984, Religion and Ultimate Well-being: An Explanatory Theory. London: Macmillan; and J.K. Olupona 1991, Kingship, Religion, and Rituals in a Nigerian Community: A Phenomenological Study of Ondo Yoruba Festivals. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International
Note that I have added a Postscript summarizing Martin Prozesky’s response to my review of his Religion and Ultimate Well-being.
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Tincidunt mus et gravida tincidunt interdum habitant wisi congue ante augue. Tincidunt sapien laoreet malesuada aliquam semper vel morbi mi metus wisi. Ut tellus eleifend tellus ullamcorper quis nulla quis amet pretium neque. Tellus sagittis et et sollicitudin ligula pede dictumst Maecenas sed orci. Vitae lorem tempus sit Pellentesque risus vitae laoreet at congue diam. Et id quis ultrices dictum iaculis id a a morbi orci.
This review was published in Numen 40, 3 (1993): 349-350. I have made a few minor editorial changes in the text.
This article presents a survey, and an appreciation, of the academic study of religions in South and Southern Africa. As I cannot boast of the knowledge of an insider, I borrow a simile from an Akan proverb, that of Hawk sailing on high, to express not only my relationship to this part of our discipline, but also my weak credentials for undertaking this job, and my limited goals.
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This article was published in Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 48, 1 (January 1994): 22-38.
Summary
Jan G. Platvoet 1994/2017, Confessing and Contesting ‛Religionism’: Recent Developments in Anglo¬phone Science of Religions
‛Religionism’ is defined in this article as a position in the academic study of religions that claims that the special nature of religion forbids that religions are subjected to the ‛reductionist’ explanatory theory of the type pursued in the past in respect of religion in the social sciences. Religionism is one of four attitudes that have been taken in respect of how religions should be studies in the past. They are: theological reductionism, positivist reductionism, religionism, and agnosticism. After having briefly described the first two and the last one and their historical connections, I detail the seven marks of religionism. I discuss its hegemony in the Anglosaxon academy. In most English speaking parts, it is uncontested. I discuss three recent publications from Africa as examples of this situation. The supremacy of religionism in the study of religions has, however, increasingly been contested on the North American continent in the last two decades. I survey the most recent phase of that polemic by discussing the argument in favour of religionism as developed by Daniel Pals and the responses to it of Segal and Wiebe. I conclude by pointing out that religionist approaches are found also among social scientists, as are non-religionist ones among scholars of religions.
Jan G. Platvoet 1995, ‘God als vijand: De genezingsdansen van !Kung’, in Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 49, 2: 89-107
Summary
God as Enemy: !Kung Curing Dances
In the 1950s and 1960, only a few !Kung San, or Bushmen, continued to follow the traditional way of life of nomadic foodgathering in the Kalahari semi-desert of Southern Africa. Their religion is discussed in this article. Its central ritual was the curing dance. It is an all-night ritual, which they often practiced. It served as their major means for maintaining solidarity in their nomadic bands and for removing conflict from it – another means being the sharing of the food they gathered and meat they hunted. They maintained solidarity through the curing dance, for one reason because the dance was itself a process of sharing, of n/um, ‛curing power’; and for another because it was a ritual of exclusion. God and the deceased were blamed for all the evil present in the group, declared personae non gratae and refused admission as unwelcome aliens, the !Kung waging a continual ritual war upon them as their sole enemies. The special interest of this religion and this ritual for the comparative study of religions is highlighted by an examination of the link between the anthropological study of the !Kung curing dances and recent archaeological research on the San rock paintings, of which thousands have been found all over Southern Africa. They are interpreted now as reflecting a tradition of San curing dances which dates back many millennia.
This article is published as if it were written by both Prof. Dr. Karel van der Toorn and me. However, Karel van der Toorn was its main author and my input into it was minimal. I have, therefore, not provided a PDF of this chapter.
On 6 December 1992, Hindu devotees of the god Ram destroyed the Babri mosque in Ayodhya, because it stood on a spot they venerated as Ramjanmabhumi, ‘Ram’s birthplace’. That mosque had been built there in 1528 by Babur Shah, founder of the Muslim Moghul empire, after a Hindu temple dedicated to Ram had allegedly been torn down. This article deals with the ritual elements in the conflict over Ramjamnabhumi in Ayodhya. It was the focal point in the nation-wide troubled political relationships between the Hindu and the Muslim ‘communities’ and the central government of India in the last decade. I deal first with Ayodhya as the dense symbolic complex with a primarily cultural and religious quality as it developed in the past one thousand years. I will then describe
it as an arena of political strife, at first of local importance only, but with a national impact in the past decade, when it was made the focus of a nation-wide struggle for power. These events and their background are described because they serve as the historical data on which to test the heuristic utility and analytical clarity of the concepts for the analysis of ritual in religiously plural situations developed in another chapter in this volume. Their application to the Ayodhya rituals of confrontation leads me to bring this study to a close with an anti-Durkheimian conclusion. It will show that the emphases on the integrative functions of ritual in anthropological theories and on ritual as standardised sequences of behaviour, must be complemented by theory that is able to account for the different kinds of ethnographic data presented in this chapter.
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Jan G. Platvoet, James L. Cox, & Jacob K. Olupona (eds.) 1996, The Study of Religions in Africa: Past, Present and Prospects. Cambridge: Roots and Branches, ISBN 0 9525772 2 4 (pbk), 393 pp..
This volume contains peer reviewed, revised, selected papers, presented at the IAHR first ever Regional Conference in Africa on ‘The Study of Religions in Africa’, at the University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, 15 to 19 September 1992. In its closing session, AASR (the African Associations for the Study of Religions) was founded.
An introduction by Jacob Olupona and me, and two more articles by me have been added. They are:
= Jan G. Platvoet & Jacob K. Olupona 1996, ‘Perspectives on the Study of Religions in sub-Saharan Africa’, pp. 7-36; full text at: https://jangplatvoet.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Perspectives.Introd1996.2017.pdf
= Jan G. Platvoet 1996, The Religions of Africa in their Historical Order, 46-102; full text at https://jangplatvoet.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ReligionsOfAfricaInHistoricalOrder.pdf
= Jan G. Platvoet 1996, From Object to Subject: A History of the Study of the Religions of Africa, 105-138; full text at https://jangplatvoet.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/FromObjectToSubject.1996.2017.pdf
Jan G. Platvoet 1998, “Close Harmonies: Science of Religions in Dutch Duplex Ordo Theology, 1860-1960, in Numen: International Review for the History of Religions 45, 2: 115-162
This article surveys the history of the Science of Religions in the Netherlands in the period 1860 to 1960 at the time when it was an integral part of Dutch liberal academic theology as pursued in the faculties of theology at the universities of Leiden, Groningen, Utrecht and Amsterdam. In 1876, these faculties were given a special statute, the so-called duplex ordo, in a law that separated the ‘confessional’ theological disciplines from the ‘scientific’ ones. It also introduced the new disciplines of the Science of Religions and the Philosophy of Religion into these reconstituted faculties. I discuss Tiele’s plan to make the Science of Religion their central discipline, and why it was ultimately given only a marginal place in them. My main concern, however, it to outline the theology which inspired the Science of Religions of Tiele, Chantepie, Van der Leeuw and Bleeker and to demonstrate its ‘close harmony’ with the liberal theology prevailing in these duplex ordo faculties, as also in at least some of the modalities of the Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk whose ministers were trained in these faculties. It was that close harmony which allowed Van der Leeuw to disregard the duplex ordo and to establish a full harmony between Science of Religions and confessional theology. I also discuss dissonant voices, Kraemer’s especially, calling for the abrogation of the duplex ordo and the integration of the Science of Religions into a militantly confessional theology.
Jan G. Platvoet 1998, “From Consonance to Autonomy: The Science of Religion in The Netherlands”, in Method & Theory in the Study of Religion: Journal of the North American Association for the Study of religion 10, 4: 334-351
After 1960, a paradigm shift occurred in Dutch Science of Religion (godsdienstwetenschap). Methodological agnosticism replaced the earlier ‘religionist’ approach. This paradigm shift is traced in this article as well as the vicissitudes of Dutch Science of Religions in Dutch duplex ordo faculties of theology till this very day (1998). I trace the contributions which Sierksma and Van Baaren made to it, the first by initiating the paradigm shift, the second by completing it. In the third part, I wonder whether Dutch Science of Religions, having become a secular, cultural-historical discipline, should cut its umbilical cord with Dutch duplex ordo theology.
Jan G. Platvoet 1998, review of J.S. Krüger, Along Edges: Religion in South Africa: Bushman, Christian, Buddhist (Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1995), in Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 51, 1 (Januari 1998): 50-51; also in The African Association for the Study of Religions [Newsletter] no. 9 (June 1998): 16-18
In the 1950s and 1960s, only a few !Kung speaking San, or Bushmen, continued to follow the traditional way of life of nomadic food gathering in the Kalahari semi-desert of Southern Africa. One group were the Ju/’hoansi of the Nyae Nyae and Dobe areas of the Northwestern Kalahari. It is their religion that is discussed in this article. Their central rite was the curing dance, an all-night ritual which they often practised (and practise now, after they have settled permanently, even more commonly than before). It served as their major means of maintaining solidarity within their egalitarian bands and of removing conflict from it –an- other means being the sharing of the food they had collected and the meat they had hunted. Solidarity was maintained through the curing dance, partly because the dance was itself a process of sharing, of n/um, ‘curing power’, and partly because it served as a ritual of exclusion. God and the deceased were blamed for the evil present in the group, were declared personae non gratae and refused admission to the dances as unwelcome aliens, the !Kung waging a continual ritual war upon them as their sole enemies. The special interest of this religion and this ritual for the comparative study of religions is highlighted by an examination of the link between the anthropological study of the !Kung curing dances and recent archaeological research on San art, especially the thousands of rock paintings which have been found all over Southern Africa, and which are interpreted now as reflecting a tradition of San curing dances dating back for many millennia.
Jan G. Platvoet 1999, ‘The Rule & its Exceptions: Spirit Possession in Two African Societies’, in Journal for the Study of Religion 12, 1&2 (1999): 5-51
This article has four parts. First, I explain the rule; that is, what spirit possession generally speaking is thought to be; in which religions it is found; how it has been studied; and which theories have been developed to better understand and explain certain aspects of it. In parts two and three, I analyse two spirit possession rituals as they were practised in two very different African indigenous religions in regions far apart on the continent of Africa, with vastly different ecologies, economies, demography and social structures, and with cultures that were very unlike. In part two, I first present the context – geographical, historical, social, and especially religious –, of the first subject of study, the Ju/’hoan curing dances. Then I investigate these dances as they were practised in the Kalahari semi-desert in Southern Africa in the 1950s and 1960s. I follow the same order in part three for my second subject of study: the spirit possession event in which ‘Captain’ Rattray, Government Anthropolgist of the Gold Coast Crown Colony (now Ghana), took part on 5 May 1922 at Tanoboase, a village just above the forested region of West Africa. In part four, I compare these two spirit possession rituals and indicate in which important respects they differ from each other and deviate from the general rule. I also discuss to what extant theories of spirit possession enable us to understand these rituals better. In the conclusion, I emphasise that certain concepts basic to Western religion and much used in the Science of Religions, are misleading in the study of African indigenous religions.
Jan G. Platvoet 2000, “Ogottegottegottegot”, in Prana: Tijdschrift voor spirutaliteit en randgebieden der wetenschappen no. 116 (december 1999/januari 2000): 57-60
Jan G. Platvoet 2000, review of Jacques Waardenburg (comp.) 1999 [second edition; first edition 1973], Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion: Aims, Methods, and Theories of Research; Introduction and Anthology; with a new Preface. (= Religion and Reason, 3; New York/Berlin, Walter de Gruyter), in Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 54, 1 (2000): 65-66
Jan G. Platvoet 2000, review of Gerrie ter Haar 1998, Halfway to Paradise: African Christians in Europe (Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press), in Numen: International Journal for the History of Religions 47, 1: 113-115
Jan Platvoet & Henk van Rinsum 2001, “Is Africa incurably religious?: Okot p’Bitek versus John Samuel Mbiti, in SAGA Bulletin [IIMO, Utrecht University] no. 2 (October 2001): 1-2
Jan G. Platvoet 2002, “Enslaving Definitions: A Review” [review of Henk J. van Rinsum 2001, Slaves of Definition: In Quest of the Unbeliever and the Ignoramus. Maastricht (The Netherlands): Shaker Publications], in AASR-Newsleter 17 (May 2002): 33-39
Mij is gevraagd deze afsluitende bespreking met een stellingname te openen. De stelling die ik wil voorleggen, is de volgende. Het centrale probleem van deze twee studiedagen is m.i. niet de begrippen ‘magie’ en ‘hekserij’, maar de notie ‘godsdienst’, c.q. ‘religie’. Ik ontken niet dat er aan de termen ‘magie’ en ‘hekserij’ vele problemen kleven, zowel als emic voorstellingen en handelingen van gelovigen zelf, als ook als etic begrippen die wij moderne, westerse wetenschappers hanteren om bepaalde voorstellingen en handelingen mee te benoemen en te onderzoeken. Uit de rest van mijn verhaal zal blijken dat ik die problemen in het bijzonder op dat laatste vlak zie opdoemen, dat van onze wetenschappelijke concepten, en veel minder op het eerste vlak van wat de gelovigen geloven en doen. Het fundamentelere probleem is m.i. echter het modern-westers wetenschappelijk
begrip ‘religie’, zoals wij dat als zoeklicht hanteren om het verschijnsel ‘godsdienst’
te vinden,1 en dat ons als instrument dient om ‘godsdiensten’ te benoemen, af te palen, te beschrijven, te interpreteren, en om er pogingen tot verklaring van hen mee te ondernemen en theorievorming over hen te ontwikkelen.
Jan G. Platvoet 2005, “Apologies Again!”, in AASR Bulletin 24 (November 2005): 53-54
Jan G. Platvoet 2006, “GBT-NS, Akwaab’oo!”, in AASR Bulletin 26 (November 2006): 39-44
Jan G. Platvoet 2006, On Boundary Hopping & ‘Primitivism’; Reply to Graham Harvey, in AASR Bulletin 25 (May 2006): 45-48
This volume is the outcome of a conference in May 2001 at the Institute of Social Studies (ISS) in The Hague, The Netherlands, organised by Gerrie ter Haar shortly after she had been appointed at ISS as Professor of Religion, Social Change and Human Rights. Apart from the Preface, Notes on the contributors, the unified bibliography and an index, the volume has four parts: ‘Religion, Conflict and Peace’ (3-118), ‘Religious Perspectives on Conflict and Peace’ (119-200), ‘Visions for Peace’ (201-295), and ‘Documentary Sources on Religion, Violence and Peace’ (297-369).
‘Ritual’ has by now established a virtual monopoly, terminological, conceptual and theoretical, for itself in the semantic field of terms denoting not only actions by means of which believers presume that they communicate with meta-empirical realms and beings, but also in clusters designating secular modes of expressive behaviour, social as well as solitary. The term rules supreme now, not only in scholarly research, but also in ordinary language, as witness two random quotes from the Dutch daily paper Trouw of 20.09.- 2003. One refers to “the rituals and etiquette of [Parliament]”, i.e. a secular social interaction;2 the other to “the immensely satisfying ritual of laying a table”, i.e. a form of solitary stylised behaviour.3 Darwin’s survival of the fittest and elimination of the weak may, therefore, be well applied also to ritual for having so successfully eliminated its semantic competitors.
Introduction
In mid-July 2006, a colleague in the Department for the Study of Religions in the University of Ghana informed me that the Department was resuscitating The Ghana Bulletin of Theology. He asked me to contribute, at a week’s notice, a one-page review of a book of my own choice. So, I looked at the books on my desk, spotted Magdel Le Roux’s on the Lemba, and decided that her book dealt with a matter of interest to scholars of the religions of Africa, and that I might try to supply the requested review in a week, or at most in a fortnight. The one or two page review I planned has, however, meanwhile grown into a review article, because the more closely I studied the book, the more I began to doubt whether, despite numerous qualifications, she is correct in presuming that the Lemba were indeed ‘black Jews’ with a past reaching back into pre-exilic Israel. An alternative explanation of the data Le Roux provides seemed required. This article is an attempt at formulating one.
An AASR-officer indicated in mid-2004 that he found his job ‘amorphous’.1 He had received no guidelines as to what precisely he was expected to achieve for the AASR. He felt ‘beleaguered by lack of clarity of the job’s responsibilities’ and was unsure what he should do. Another felt ‘constrained [… by] the informal nature of our association’, and also ‘not clear what [she] ought to be doing’, and ‘hard put to explain, particularly to potential new members what exactly the association is about and what the benefits of belonging to this association are beyond receiving the newsletter’. The members of the AASR-Nominations Committee 2005-2010, of which I was asked to serve as convener, likewise felt a need for articulating what each AASR office entailed when they reflected on whom they might best nominate for the several AASR offices in the next quinquennial period 2005-2010. They felt that their efforts at this articulation might also assist the officers to move beyond a mere intuition of what their posts entail, and thereby to serve the AASR more efficiently.
We reply in this article to Kehinde Olabimtan’s polemical response to our article, ‘Is Africa Incurably Religious?: Confessing and Contesting an Invention’ [of Tradition], both published in this journal in 2003. We fi rst review the setting of this exchange: the theological character of the journal Exchange, and then point to Olabimtan’s strategy of polemically presenting our analysis in the terms of the old ‘war’ between atheist and religious scholarship on religions. Having carefully summarised the ‘weapons’ he used in his ‘counter-attack’ on our analysis, we dispassionately respond to them by pointing out fi rst that our analysis was not inspired by an atheist approach to religions, but by methodological agnosticism, and then reply to Olabimtan’s other misrepresentations of us and of p’Bitek. We conclude by pointing to the ‘bridges’ between his and our approaches, which Olabimtan did not explode.
This moving book tells the real life stories of 28 men and women in Africa who live, or lived, with HIV or AIDS,42 one for each of the 28 millions Africans that according to UNAIDS were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2006.43 In addition, it has an introduction (1- 17) and an epilogue (347-352). In the latter, Nolen relates briefly how the 28 she had interviewed since 1997 were doing in 2006 at the time the book went into production: four had died, three she could not reach; of the remaining 21, only one was in poor health. The others were in good health, thanks to the ARVs (antiretroviral drugs), and most were active in movements that try to break the chains of silence and shame that keep Sub-Saharan Africa in the grip of this pandemic which had already killed 22 million Africans by 2006. Infection rates had begun to decline by then, in part due to ARV-treatment, in part because death had already wiped out those most likely to spread the virus. Death rates, however, had not yet declined, because only one in four of those in need of treatment were as yet on ARVs (350). And she argues that it is unlikely that the G8 goal of universal access to ARVs by 2010 (253) will be reached, for one reason because of corruption and inefficiency, for another because only half of the funds needed to fight HIV/AIDS effectively is available (350-352).
The complex and shifting relationships between Dutch academic theology and godsdienstwetenschap (the neutral study of religions) are examined in this article from the perspective of science of religions. It has four parts. In the first section, the expanding fields of study and increase in multidisciplinarity of theology and science of religions are sketched, and the growing overlap between them, causing sizable parts of academic theology to become ‘de-theologised’. The relationship between theology and religion is next examined from the perspective of the history of religions. It shows that theology is as much a liability as it is an asset to religions. In the final two sections, the current plurality of theology and science of religions is sketched and the shifting relations between their various kinds.
Why revise the AASR Constitution? The present AASR Constitution was drafted in 1994 as part of the process of applying for affiliation to the International Association for the History of Religions (IAHR). Though there is no record in AASR Newsletter 4 (November 1995) that the AASR Constitution was actually formally put before the first AASR General Meeting in Mexico City on August 6, 1995 for discussion and decision, we may surmise that it was formally adopted then and so began to serve as AASR Constitution in 1995. Moreover, it was published in AASR Newsletter 5 (April 1996), pp. 10-12. It has since also been posted on the AASR website at http://www.a-asr.org/index.php?id=17. The 1995 constitution seems to have sat quietly in these two places for the past fifteen years without being consulted much in order to find out how it should govern AASR affairs, as is clear from the many discrepancies between the stipulations of current the AASR Constitution and AASR praxis. Moreover, nobody seems to have noticed the gap between rule and praxis, or if they noticed it, to have been bothered by it. AASR Constitution 1995 actually seems a document with much ‘dead wood’
Jan G. Platvoet 2001, ‘Godsdienst en geweld in Afrika’, in Onze Krant: Contactblad Sociëteit voor Afrikaanse Missiën 48, nr. 154 (september 2011): 8-11
Oorlog en godsdienst in Afrika Velen, en vooral zij die het beste voor hebben met Afrika, worden mismoedig van de stroom berichten over oorlogen in Afrika, vooral als die godsdienstig geïnspireerd zijn, zoals recentelijk in de Ivoorkust en Nigeria, die tussen christenen in het zuiden en moslims in het noorden. Een ander voorbeeld is Soedan. Daar heeft op 1 juli 2011 het christelijk- en inheems-gelovige zuiden zich als Zuid-Soedan afgescheiden van het moslimse noorden na een halve eeuw burgeroorlog. Eerst was er de Anyanya opstand, van 1955 tot 1972. Die kostte in het zuiden aan een half miljoen mensen het leven. Daarna, toen het noorden in 1983 de sharia invoerde, brak een tweede opstand uit die tot 2002 duurde. Die eiste maar liefst twee miljoen levens en verdreef vier miljoen mensen van huis en haard, weer allemaal in het zuiden. Na 1945 heeft geen oorlog meer dood en ontreddering gebracht dan deze oorlog tussen moslims en christenen (en gelovigen van inheemse godsdiensten) om het zuiden van Soedan en zijn olie-rijkdom.